The Number "Nine" and The Chinese Imperial Buildings Cultures
九与中国的皇家建筑文化
(jiu3 yu2 zhong1 guo2 de huang2 jia1 jian4 zhu4 wen2 hua4)
It may not be common knowledge among western visitors that the number "nine" carried a special significance in old China. Ancient Chinese regarded odd numbers as masculine and even numbers as feminine. "Nine", the largest single digit unmber, was taken as representine the "ultimate masculine" and was, therefore, symbolic of the supreme sovereignty of the emperor. For this reason, the number "nine" (or its multiples) is often employed in palace structures and designs. A noticeable example is the number of studs on palace gates. The studs are usually arranged in nine rows of nine each, totalling eighty-one. This is even true of the marble gates of the "underground palace" of the Dingling Mausoleum in Beijing: 81 (9 x 9) studs were carved out of the stone. If the vistor goes to the Temple of Guan Yu in Luoyang, he will also find on the red gate nine rows of nine wood studs each. This was because Guan was given posthumous honours of an emperor.
Ancient palace generally consisted of nine courtyards or quadrangles; so does the Temple of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong Province - a magnificent architectural complex worthy of an imperial household and testifying to the importance attached to the great sage by the courts of various dynasties.
The building of the Forbidden City of Beijing are traditionally measured as having a total floor space of 9,900 bays - some even says 9,999 bays, which may be an exaggeration. The picturesque towers guarding the four corners of the palace compound have each 9 beams and 18 columns, and the three famous screen walls have nine dragon on each.
The number "nine" was sometimes combined with "five" to represent imperial majesty. The great hall on Tian'AnMen is 9 bays wide by 5 bays deep.
There is a seventeen-arched bridge in the summer palace of Beijing. This, too, has much to do with "nine". Count the arches from either end, and you will find that the largest span in the middle is the ninth.
An extreme example of the "game of nine" is perhaps the circular Mound Altar (Huan Qiu Tan) in the Temple of Heaven. Site for the Ming and Qing emperors to worship Heaven, the altar is in three tiers. The upper terrace is made up of nine concentric rings of slabs. The first ring or innermost circle consiste of nine fan shaped slabs, the second ring 18 (2x9) slabs. the third 27 (3x9) ... until the last or ninth ring. made up of 81 or 9x9 slabs.
The number "nine" is not only used on buildings. The New Year dinner for the imperial houses was composed of 99 dishes.
To celebrate the birthday of an emperor, the stage performances must comprise of 99 numbers as a sign of good luck and long life. |
